[Yvette]

Hello, I'm self-learning the 2nd movt of Beethoven's 'Pathetique', and am stymied by a notation in Bar 21 above F. AC - there's a squiggly thing rather like an unclosed number 8 lying on its side, and below it there's a natural sign. Any help on what the squiggly means and what the natural sign wants me to naturalise (only the A in that phrase would be flat according to the key signature) would be greatly appreciated.

Thank you, Yvette.

[WinstonChurchill]

That squiggly thing's an ornament known as a 'cadence' or sometimes a 'turn'. Search for either of these terms on the internet and you should get plenty of guidance...not to be confused with cadences of the harmonic variety of course.

Basically, you're going to play notes 'around' the one in the score. This can be either on the beat, or (as in the case you've specifically asked about), on the off-beat. The natural referred to in this case is E.

NB my Peters edition of the score shows a cadence making an appearance at bar 20, and then again in bar 21.

[Yvette]

Thanks Winston. I noticed the cadence in bar 20 but ignored it! So in bar 20, what I see is this:-

E flat, D natural, D natural (held not played), F natural, E flat

But what my fingers must do is:-

E flat, D natural, D natural held, E flat, D natural, C natural, D natural, F natural, E flat?

And in bar 21, I see:-

E flat, F natural, A flat, C natural

But must play:-

E flat, F natural, E flat, F natural, G natural, F natural, A flat, C natural?

Are those right? If horribly wrong, I'd appreciate it if you could give me the right notes!

[WinstonChurchill]

Almost. What you've said about bar 20 looks fine, but in bar 21 the sequence of notes will be Eb -- F -- [and then the cadence on the off-beat] -- G--F--E NATURAL--F and then to the Ab. From the F onward you're aiming to build up to the G in the next bar.

This is one of those areas you could really do with a bit of hands-on support from a teacher, to be honest... We can list out the notes, but it's tough to explain how it should be played! I trust that you've got some records to consult on this in the absence of a teacher?

[Otto]

I strongly advocate getting someone to show you round these things, rather than take it from a book. When all is said and done, music is a living thing and being shown by someone who knows what they are doing is worth a thousand words. (Bit like a picture, I suppose).

If you want a book to describe it all in detail, the Associated Board theory of Music book is brilliant and has hardly changed through my lifetime.

Incidentally, the term 'cadence' is more normally used to describe a chord sequence at specific points in music. This usage is certainly very novel to me.
_________________
Otto

[WinstonChurchill]

'Cadence' is the term Bach used in the Clavier-Büchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, which is where I picked it up at about 14...and I've been using it ever since. You're right that 'turn' is the usual term, though; hence my comment about 'cadences of the harmonic variety'.

Incidentally, this site has a reproduction of Bach's ornamentation table: http://members.aol.com/kjvisbest/jsb_ornm.htm, or there's a facsimile on this page: http://www.jsbach.net/images/ornaments.html.

There's also a copy in the introduction to the Peters edition of the Two- and Three-Part Inventions.